#31
Gallium
post-transition metal· Solid·69.7231 u
Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft, silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures, and melts at 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (slightly above room temperature).
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Identity
- Symbol
- Ga
- Atomic Number
- 31
- Atomic Mass
- 69.7231 u
- Category
- post-transition metal
- Block
- p-block
- Period
- 4
- Group
- 13
- Appearance
- silver-white
- Year Discovered
- 1875 CE
- Discovered By
- Lecoq de Boisbaudran
- Named By
- Gaul
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
- Shells
- 2, 8, 18, 3
- Electronegativity
- 1.81
- Electron Affinity
- 41
- Oxidation States
- +3
- Ionization Energies
- 578.8, 1979.3, 2963, 6180
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 302.9146
- Boiling Point
- 2673
- Density
- 5.91
- Molar Heat
- 25.86 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- Orthorhombic
- Magnetic Ordering
- Diamagnetic
Mechanical
- Atomic Radius
- 136 pm
- Covalent Radius
- 122 pm
- Van der Waals
- 187 pm
- Metallic Radius
- 135 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 1.5
- Brinell Hardness
- 60 MPa MPa
- Vickers Hardness
- 560 MPa MPa
- Bulk Modulus
- 56 GPa GPa
- Shear Modulus
- 9.8 GPa GPa
- Young's Modulus
- 9.81 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 40.6 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Electrical Conductivity
- 7.1 MS/m S/m
- Specific Heat
- 371 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 256 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 5.59 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 10.0 ppb
- Sun
- 40.0 ppb
- Meteorite
- 7.8 ppm
- Earth's Crust
- 6.095 ppm
- Ocean
- 30.0 ppt
- Human Body
- 0