#14
Silicon
metalloid· Solid·28.085 u
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery.
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Identity
- Symbol
- Si
- Atomic Number
- 14
- Atomic Mass
- 28.085 u
- Category
- metalloid
- Block
- p-block
- Period
- 3
- Group
- 14
- Appearance
- crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
- Year Discovered
- 1823 CE
- Discovered By
- Jöns Jacob Berzelius
- Named By
- Thomas Thomson (chemist)
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Ne] 3s2 3p2
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
- Shells
- 2, 8, 4
- Electronegativity
- 1.9
- Electron Affinity
- 134.0684
- Oxidation States
- +4, +2, -4
- Ionization Energies
- 786.5, 1577.1, 3231.6, 4355.5, 16091 … +9 more
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 1687
- Boiling Point
- 3538
- Density
- 2.329
- Molar Heat
- 19.789 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- Diamond Cubic
- Magnetic Ordering
- Diamagnetic
Mechanical
- Atomic Radius
- 111 pm
- Covalent Radius
- 111 pm
- Van der Waals
- 210 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 6.5
- Brinell Hardness
- 9600 MPa MPa
- Bulk Modulus
- 100 GPa GPa
- Shear Modulus
- 52 GPa GPa
- Young's Modulus
- 47 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 149 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Electrical Conductivity
- 0.001 MS/m S/m
- Specific Heat
- 705 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 359 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 50.2 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 650 ppm
- Sun
- 900 ppm
- Meteorite
- 17.0%
- Earth's Crust
- 2.329 ppm
- Ocean
- 2.2 ppm
- Human Body
- 20 ppm