#32
Germanium
metalloid· Solid·72.6308 u
Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.
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Identity
- Symbol
- Ge
- Atomic Number
- 32
- Atomic Mass
- 72.6308 u
- Category
- metalloid
- Block
- p-block
- Period
- 4
- Group
- 14
- Appearance
- grayish-white
- Year Discovered
- 1886 CE
- Discovered By
- Clemens Winkler
- Named By
- Germany
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2
- Shells
- 2, 8, 18, 4
- Electronegativity
- 2.01
- Electron Affinity
- 118.9352
- Oxidation States
- +4, +2
- Ionization Energies
- 762, 1537.5, 3302.1, 4411, 9020
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 1211.4
- Boiling Point
- 3106
- Density
- 5.323
- Molar Heat
- 23.222 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- Diamond Cubic
- Magnetic Ordering
- Diamagnetic
Mechanical
- Atomic Radius
- 125 pm
- Covalent Radius
- 120 pm
- Van der Waals
- 211 pm
- Metallic Radius
- 122 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 6
- Brinell Hardness
- 7273 MPa MPa
- Vickers Hardness
- 8010 MPa MPa
- Bulk Modulus
- 75 GPa GPa
- Shear Modulus
- 41 GPa GPa
- Young's Modulus
- 103 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 60.2 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Electrical Conductivity
- 2.17 S/m S/m
- Specific Heat
- 320 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 334 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 36.9 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 200 ppb
- Sun
- 200 ppb
- Meteorite
- 21 ppm
- Earth's Crust
- 1.5 ppm
- Ocean
- 50.0 ppt
- Human Body
- 0