#41
Niobium
transition metal· Solid·92.906372 u
Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology:Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum.
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Identity
- Symbol
- Nb
- Atomic Number
- 41
- Atomic Mass
- 92.906372 u
- Category
- transition metal
- Block
- d-block
- Period
- 5
- Group
- 5
- Appearance
- gray metallic, bluish when oxidized
- Year Discovered
- 1801 CE
- Discovered By
- Charles Hatchett
- Named By
- Niobe
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Kr] 4d4 5s1
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d4
- Shells
- 2, 8, 18, 12, 1
- Electronegativity
- 1.6
- Electron Affinity
- 88.516
- Oxidation States
- +5, +3
- Ionization Energies
- 652.1, 1380, 2416, 3700, 4877 … +2 more
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 2750
- Boiling Point
- 5017
- Density
- 8.57
- Molar Heat
- 24.6 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- BCC
- Magnetic Ordering
- Paramagnetic
Mechanical
- Atomic Radius
- 198 pm
- Covalent Radius
- 164 pm
- Van der Waals
- 207 pm
- Metallic Radius
- 146 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 6
- Brinell Hardness
- 736 MPa MPa
- Vickers Hardness
- 1320 MPa MPa
- Bulk Modulus
- 170 GPa GPa
- Shear Modulus
- 38 GPa GPa
- Young's Modulus
- 105 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 53.7 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Electrical Conductivity
- 6.93 MS/m S/m
- Specific Heat
- 265 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 690 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 30 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 2.00 ppb
- Sun
- 4.00 ppb
- Meteorite
- 280 ppb
- Earth's Crust
- 20 ppm
- Ocean
- 10.0 ppt
- Human Body
- 0