#21
Scandium
transition metal· Solid·44.9559085 u
Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.
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Identity
- Symbol
- Sc
- Atomic Number
- 21
- Atomic Mass
- 44.9559085 u
- Category
- transition metal
- Block
- d-block
- Period
- 4
- Group
- 3
- Appearance
- silvery white
- Year Discovered
- 1879 CE
- Discovered By
- Lars Fredrik Nilson
- Named By
- Scandinavia
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Ar] 3d1 4s2
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
- Shells
- 2, 8, 9, 2
- Electronegativity
- 1.36
- Electron Affinity
- 18
- Oxidation States
- +3
- Ionization Energies
- 633.1, 1235, 2388.6, 7090.6, 8843 … +16 more
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 1814
- Boiling Point
- 3109
- Density
- 2.985
- Molar Heat
- 25.52 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- HEX
- Magnetic Ordering
- Paramagnetic
Mechanical
- Atomic Radius
- 184 pm
- Covalent Radius
- 170 pm
- Van der Waals
- 211 pm
- Metallic Radius
- 162 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 2
- Brinell Hardness
- 750 MPa MPa
- Bulk Modulus
- 56.6 GPa GPa
- Shear Modulus
- 29.1 GPa GPa
- Young's Modulus
- 74.4 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 15.8 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Electrical Conductivity
- 1.78 MS/m S/m
- Specific Heat
- 568 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 318 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 14.1 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 30.0 ppb
- Sun
- 40.0 ppb
- Meteorite
- 5.9 ppm
- Earth's Crust
- 22 ppm
- Ocean
- 6e-7 ppm
- Human Body
- 0