90
Th
Thorium
232.03774
28183218102
#90
Thorium
actinide· Solid·232.03774 u
Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element (the other being uranium). It was discovered in 1828 by the Norwegian Reverend and amateur mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.
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Identity
- Symbol
- Th
- Atomic Number
- 90
- Atomic Mass
- 232.03774 u
- Category
- actinide
- Block
- f-block
- Period
- 7
- Group
- 3
- Appearance
- silvery, often with black tarnish
- Year Discovered
- 1828 CE
- Discovered By
- Jöns Jakob Berzelius
- Named By
- Thor
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Rn] 6d2 7s2
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d2
- Shells
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
- Electronegativity
- 1.3
- Electron Affinity
- 112.72
- Oxidation States
- +4
- Ionization Energies
- 587, 1110, 1930, 2780
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 2023
- Boiling Point
- 5061
- Density
- 11.724
- Molar Heat
- 26.23 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- FCC
- Magnetic Ordering
- Paramagnetic
Mechanical
- Covalent Radius
- 206 pm
- Metallic Radius
- 180 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 3
- Brinell Hardness
- 400 MPa MPa
- Vickers Hardness
- 350 MPa MPa
- Bulk Modulus
- 54 GPa GPa
- Shear Modulus
- 31 GPa GPa
- Young's Modulus
- 79 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 54 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Electrical Conductivity
- 6.53 MS/m S/m
- Specific Heat
- 113 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 514 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 13.8 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 40.0 ppt
- Sun
- 30 ppt
- Meteorite
- 29.0 ppb
- Earth's Crust
- 9.6 ppm
- Ocean
- 10.0 ppt
- Human Body
- 0