#15
Phosphorus
polyatomic nonmetal· Solid·30.9737619985 u
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Instead phosphorus-containing minerals are almost always present in their maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.
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Identity
- Symbol
- P
- Atomic Number
- 15
- Atomic Mass
- 30.9737619985 u
- Category
- polyatomic nonmetal
- Block
- p-block
- Period
- 3
- Group
- 15
- Appearance
- colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black
- Year Discovered
- 1669 CE
- Discovered By
- Hennig Brand
- Named By
- Phosphorus
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Ne] 3s2 3p3
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
- Shells
- 2, 8, 5
- Electronegativity
- 2.19
- Electron Affinity
- 72.037
- Oxidation States
- +5, +3, -3
- Ionization Energies
- 1011.8, 1907, 2914.1, 4963.6, 6273.9 … +10 more
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 317.3
- Boiling Point
- 553.65
- Density
- 1.823
- Molar Heat
- 23.824 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- Simple Cubic
- Magnetic Ordering
- Diamagnetic
Mechanical
- Atomic Radius
- 98 pm
- Covalent Radius
- 107 pm
- Van der Waals
- 180 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 3.5
- Bulk Modulus
- 11 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 0.236 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Specific Heat
- 769 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 12.4 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 0.66 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 7 ppm
- Sun
- 7 ppm
- Meteorite
- 1100 ppm
- Earth's Crust
- 1050 ppm
- Ocean
- 60.0 ppb
- Human Body
- 1.10%