#72
Hafnium
transition metal· Solid·178.492 u
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later).
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Identity
- Symbol
- Hf
- Atomic Number
- 72
- Atomic Mass
- 178.492 u
- Category
- transition metal
- Block
- d-block
- Period
- 6
- Group
- 4
- Appearance
- steel gray
- Year Discovered
- 1923 CE
- Discovered By
- Dirk Coster
- Named By
- Copenhagen
Electrons
- Configuration
- [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
- Full Configuration
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d2
- Shells
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
- Electronegativity
- 1.3
- Electron Affinity
- 17.18
- Oxidation States
- +4
- Ionization Energies
- 658.5, 1440, 2250, 3216
Physical Properties
- State at
- Solid
- Melting Point
- 2506
- Boiling Point
- 4876
- Density
- 13.31
- Molar Heat
- 25.73 J/(mol·K)
- Crystal Structure
- HEX
- Magnetic Ordering
- Paramagnetic
Mechanical
- Covalent Radius
- 175 pm
- Van der Waals
- 212 pm
- Metallic Radius
- 159 pm
- Mohs Hardness
- 5.5
- Brinell Hardness
- 1700 MPa MPa
- Vickers Hardness
- 1760 MPa MPa
- Bulk Modulus
- 110 GPa GPa
- Shear Modulus
- 30 GPa GPa
- Young's Modulus
- 78 GPa GPa
Thermal & Electrical
- Thermal Conductivity
- 23 W/(m K) W/(m·K)
- Electrical Conductivity
- 3.3 MS/m S/m
- Specific Heat
- 144 J/(kg K) J/(g·K)
- Heat of Vaporization
- 575 kJ/mol kJ/mol
- Heat of Fusion
- 27.2 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Abundance
- Universe
- 700 ppt
- Sun
- 1.00 ppb
- Meteorite
- 170 ppb
- Earth's Crust
- 13 ppm
- Ocean
- 8.00 ppt
- Human Body
- 0